Cardiology

There is scant systematic literature available on acute aortic occlusion. A review of 46 cases in a single center found 2 primary causes, including embolism (65%) or thrombosis (35%).1 Smoking and diabetes were found to be the risk factors for thrombotic occlusion and pre-existing cardiac disease and female gender risk factors for embolism. Acute aortic occlusion due to embolization of a large thrombus from left atrial appendage occurred in a patient with atrial fibrillation at our institution recently (Radha Sharma,MD, personal communication, February 2008). Case reports have described embolization of atrial myxoma to the abdominal aorta resulting in aortoiliac occlusion.2,3

In a secondary post-hoc analysis of the Reduction of Restenosis in Saphenous Vein Grafts with Cypher (RRISC) trial, we compared the long-term safety of sirolimus-eluting stents (SES) with bare-metal stents (BMS) in diseased saphenous vein grafts

Progressive disease in saphenous vein grafts remains a major short-term and long-term clinical challenge after surgical revascularization.

We conducted a prospective, double-blind, randomized, multicenter study among 241 patients who underwent their first on-pump coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, aortic valve replacement (AVR), or combined CABG and AVR surgery to determine whether the use of hydrocortisone prevents atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. Results showed that the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation was significantly lower in the hydrocortisone group compared with the placebo group.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is common after cardiac surgery, occurring in 11% to 40% of patients after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)1-8 and in more than 50% of patients after valvular heart surgery.

Triglyceride levels are usually measured after the patient has fasted, and then exclude remnant lipoproteins. Except for the first few hours of the morning, individuals are usually in a nonfasting state for most of the day. We investigated whether nonfasting triglyceride levels predicted the risk of myocardial infarction (MI), ischemic heart disease, and death in the general population. Results showed that increased nonfasting triglyceride levels were associated with an increased risk of MI, ischemic heart disease, and death.

Cardiac troponin T (cTnT) and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) have been used to estimate prognosis in heart failure. However, most studies have evaluated decompensated patients using single measurements. To determine the value of serial measurements, we evaluated 190 stable chronic heart failure patients every 3 months during 2 years.

Assessing prognosis in heart failure poses a challenge in clinical practice.

We conducted a study among 15 714 Dutch middle-aged women consuming modest-glycemic-load diets. Results showed that high dietary glycemic load and glycemic index increased the risk of cardiovascular disease. This association was particularly evident among overweight women. Recommendations to follow a high-carbohydrate diet may therefore not be optimal in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases.

Ruptured or vulnerable plaques exist not only at the culprit lesion but also in the whole coronary artery in some acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients.Goldstein et al found features of instability of nonculprit plaques in nearly 40% of patients by angiography,1 whereas actual rupture in a remote site other than the angiographic culprit lesion was found in approximately 13% to 79% of cases when evaluated by intravascular ultrasound.

What is glycemic load and why is it important?

We evaluated a multiethnic cohort of subjects with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation hospitalized over a 6-year period to determine the racial and ethnic differences in the risk of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) and the effect of warfarin treatment on ICH risk. Treatment with warfarin was associated with a 2-fold greater risk of ICH in whites, a 4- to 5-fold greater risk in both blacks and Hispanics, and a 15-fold greater risk in Asians. After adjusting for established stroke risk factors and warfarin use, Asians were 4 times as likely as whites to have ICH, whereas blacks and Hispanics were twice as likely.

One of the great advances in medical practice arose from studies on atrial fibrillation in the 1990s.

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol-lowering therapy decreases C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, but the importance of LDL cholesterol-independent effects is uncertain because of the variability in measuring LDL cholesterol and CRP levels in any individual patient. In this study, this variability was reduced by comparing average changes in LDL cholesterol and CRP levels after treatment with lipid-lowering therapy across different studies.

Extrapolating experimental findings to humans requires one to remember 2 basic dictums: (1) drugs do a lot of stuff; and (2) animal and in vitro findings are often wrong.

Only 2 cases of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) pericarditis have been reported in the English literature. Over the last 15 years, CA-MRSA has emerged as an increasingly common pathogen that is genetically and epidemiologically different from hospital-acquired MRSA (HA-MRSA).

Despite the fact that prehypertension has been shown to be associated with atherosclerosis and target-organ damage, no studies evaluating coronary flow reserve (CFR) among prehypertensive patients have been done. We assessed CFR in normotensive subjects, in subjects with prehypertension, and in newly diagnosed and never-treated subjects with established hypertension. We found that CFR was decreased in prehypertensive subjects, although not as significantly as in subjects with hypertension.

Hypertension has traditionally been defined by the arbitrary criteria of systolic pressure > 140 mm Hg or diastolic pressure > 90 mm Hg.

We analyzed a subgroup of 2445 subjects with diabetes, macrovascular disease, and previous myocardial infarction (MI) from the Prospective Pioglitazone Clinical Trial in Macrovascular Events to determine the effects of pioglitazone on mortality and macrovascular morbidity. Pioglitazone was shown to decrease the occurrence of adverse cardiac outcomes, including recurrent MI, in these high-risk subjects. This additional benefit of pioglitazone in patients with diabetes and a previous MI suggests that it may be appropriate to include this medication in the management strategy of patients with MI.

Patients with type 2 diabetes have a 2- to 4-fold increased incidence of coronary artery disease than those without diabetes.